Exosomes
Exosomes are nano-sized extracellular vesicles (EVs), typically ranging from 30–150 nm in diameter, secreted by almost all cell types through the endosomal pathway. They originate from multivesicular bodies (MVBs) within the cell, which fuse with the plasma membrane to release these vesicles into the extracellular environment.
They contain a lipid bilayer membrane rich in proteins, nucleic acids (mRNA, miRNA, and other non-coding RNA), lipids, and metabolites — effectively representing a molecular snapshot of the parent cell’s functional state.
Mechanism of Action
Exosomes act as biological messengers mediating intercellular communication.
They influence target cells through:
• Surface receptor interactions (triggering downstream signaling cascades)
• Direct membrane fusion (delivering functional proteins or lipids)
• Endocytosis or phagocytosis (internalization and release of their molecular cargo)
Through these mechanisms, exosomes modulate numerous physiological and pathological processes, including tissue repair, angiogenesis, immune regulation, and tumor progression.
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